Media theory and its societal impact, the role of advertising... have gone unmentioned so far. He was just there when the media started evolving, and he commented on these developments as being fundamental to civilization, enabling regime-changes and revolutions on the one end, and an unfathomable "pop-corn" stupor on the other side of the material median.
His critiques of US foreign policy and media analysis are more valuable to lay people. Academic linguistics is another matter. Hotly debated in some areas. They do provide some insight into AI hype.
Granted - I put him on a pedestal - but I still do that with my very own eye. As layman, perhaps - although I gave academic lectures in informatics, back in Zero days.
Yep. A lone caller and perhaps one of the smartest guys around for long and far (see: Chomsky Grammar) which made "possible" what we call "machine language" based on a Turing machine. So he systematized the way humans could talk to computers. Mind, all programming languages in existence are based on his grammar.
Historically speaking, Chomsky could be related to Panini, father of linguistics... apart from figureheads living in legend and scriptures of mankind like Sri Vyasa (Vedas and Vedanta) living at a time when knowledge was delivered over generations through oral transmission for many thousand years... up to latest invention of scripture, while speech seemed to be more practical.
His critiques of US foreign policy and media analysis are more valuable to lay people. Academic linguistics is another matter. Hotly debated in some areas. They do provide some insight into AI hype.
So, what exactly is it that you mean to have understood from the article you linked? Sorry, I have read it.
I did not read more than accusations of falseness which in the end of that puffed-up littany miss any further explainer.
Yep. A lone caller and perhaps one of the smartest guys around for long and far (see: Chomsky Grammar) which made "possible" what we call "machine language" based on a Turing machine. So he systematized the way humans could talk to computers. Mind, all programming languages in existence are based on his grammar.
Historically speaking, Chomsky could be related to Panini, father of linguistics... apart from figureheads living in legend and scriptures of mankind like Sri Vyasa (Vedas and Vedanta) living at a time when knowledge was delivered over generations through oral transmission for many thousand years) up to latest invention of scripture, while speech seemed to be more practical.
Yep. A lone caller and perhaps one of the smartest guys around for long and far (see: Chomsky Grammar) which made "possible" what we call "machine language" based on a Turing machine. So he systematized the way humans could talk to computers. Mind, all programming languages in existence are based on his grammar.
Historically speaking, Chomsky could be related to Panini, father of linguistics... apart from figureheads living in legend and scriptures of mankind like Sri Vyasa (Vedas and Vedanta) living at a time when knowledge was delivered over generations through oral transmission for many thousand years... up to latest invention of scripture, while speech seemed to be more practical.
Necessary illusions (1989), Ch. 3 The Bounds of the Expressible, p. 72-73
One crucial doctrine, standard throughout history, is that the state is
adopting a defensive stance, resisting challenges to order and to its
noble principles. Thus, the United States is invariably resisting
aggression, sometimes âinternal aggression.â Leading scholars assure us
that the war in Vietnam was âundertaken in defense of a free people
resisting communist aggressionâ as the United States attacked South
Vietnam in the early 1960s to defend the client dictatorship against the
South Vietnamese aggressors who were about to overthrow it; no
justification need be offered to establish such an obvious truth, and none
is. Some even refer blandly to âthe Eisenhower administrationâs strategy
of deterring aggression by threatening the use of nuclear weaponsâ in
Indochina in 1954, âwhere French forces found themselves facing
defeatâ at Dienbienphu âat the hands of the Communist Viet Minh,â the
aggressors who attacked our French ally defending Indochina (from its
population).7Cultivated opinion generally has internalized this stance.
Accordingly, it is a logical impossibility that one should oppose U.S.
aggression, a category that cannot exist. Whatever pretense they adopt,
the critics must be âpartisans of Hanoiâ or âapologists for Communismâ
elsewhere, defending the âaggressors,â perhaps attempting to conceal
their âhidden agendas.â8
A related doctrine is that âthe yearning to see American-style
democracy duplicated throughout the world has been a persistent theme
in American foreign policy,â as a New York Times diplomatic
correspondent proclaimed after the U.S.-backed military government
suppressed the Haitian elections by violence, widely predicted to be the
likely consequence of U.S. support for the junta. These sad events, he
observed, are âthe latest reminder of the difficulty American policymakers
face in trying to work their will, no matter how benevolent, on
other nations.â9These doctrines require no argument and resist
mountains of counter-evidence. On occasion, the pretense collapses
under its manifest absurdity. It is then permissible to recognize that we
were not always so benevolent and so profoundly dedicated to
democracy as we are today. The regular appeal to this convenient
technique of âchange of courseâ over many years elicits not ridicule, but
odes to our unfailing benevolence, as we set forth on some new
campaign to âdefend democracy.â
Plus ça change...
It is why it feels as ingrained as decades- or life-long truths to many of us yet alive, while we're dying out at the same time and people actually are believing that AI will change ANY FUCKING THING!!!!
Those who've lived through WW-II mostly have reached the eternal hunting grounds, meanwhile. The result can be viewed daily on the news sites we all visit:
Cultural decline on all ends!
I know it's hard to grasp for someone having been raised without any of it...
Their lies were apparent then, and they are now. It is just that we all can't help the groove or so it seems to me.
Necessary illusions (1989), Ch. 3 The Bounds of the Expressible, p. 72-73
One crucial doctrine, standard throughout history, is that the state is
adopting a defensive stance, resisting challenges to order and to its
noble principles. Thus, the United States is invariably resisting
aggression, sometimes âinternal aggression.â Leading scholars assure us
that the war in Vietnam was âundertaken in defense of a free people
resisting communist aggressionâ as the United States attacked South
Vietnam in the early 1960s to defend the client dictatorship against the
South Vietnamese aggressors who were about to overthrow it; no
justification need be offered to establish such an obvious truth, and none
is. Some even refer blandly to âthe Eisenhower administrationâs strategy
of deterring aggression by threatening the use of nuclear weaponsâ in
Indochina in 1954, âwhere French forces found themselves facing
defeatâ at Dienbienphu âat the hands of the Communist Viet Minh,â the
aggressors who attacked our French ally defending Indochina (from its
population).7Cultivated opinion generally has internalized this stance.
Accordingly, it is a logical impossibility that one should oppose U.S.
aggression, a category that cannot exist. Whatever pretense they adopt,
the critics must be âpartisans of Hanoiâ or âapologists for Communismâ
elsewhere, defending the âaggressors,â perhaps attempting to conceal
their âhidden agendas.â8
A related doctrine is that âthe yearning to see American-style
democracy duplicated throughout the world has been a persistent theme
in American foreign policy,â as a New York Times diplomatic
correspondent proclaimed after the U.S.-backed military government
suppressed the Haitian elections by violence, widely predicted to be the
likely consequence of U.S. support for the junta. These sad events, he
observed, are âthe latest reminder of the difficulty American policymakers
face in trying to work their will, no matter how benevolent, on
other nations.â9These doctrines require no argument and resist
mountains of counter-evidence. On occasion, the pretense collapses
under its manifest absurdity. It is then permissible to recognize that we
were not always so benevolent and so profoundly dedicated to
democracy as we are today. The regular appeal to this convenient
technique of âchange of courseâ over many years elicits not ridicule, but
odes to our unfailing benevolence, as we set forth on some new
campaign to âdefend democracy.â
This reminds me of a story. Around 1977, two mathematicians published a paper claiming they had proved the four color map theorem using computer methods involving examination of about 1,100 cases of something or other, and Scientific American wrote it up.
One of the authors was speaking in Manhattan, so I and two friends from college took the PATH train from Hoboken to hear him talk. The mid-size lecture hall was packed with at least 200 people. I remember turbans. If I said I remember saris that would be embellishing, but it was an international event, no doubt. There were several polite questions at the end. Then a wiry old man stood up in the back row and said, “I read your paper and listened to your talk now, and I heard your coauthor speak in Buffalo last month, and I STILL don’t know what you are talking about.”
And everyone in the audience made a sound – a high, sharp, relieved sigh – all the same sound. Maybe that was universal grammar.
In fact, just as a rule of thumb, if anything is discussed as if itâs just obvious, we donât have to talk about it, everyone agrees, but we know itâs complicated. In any such situation, we should be asking, whatâs going on? Nothing complicated can have that degree of uniformity about it. So some scam is underway.
Over the past four years, have we been in a strange and new period of American history? Or are we seeing a continuation of American history that is pretty much in line with what it has always been?
Of course, itâs the same country. We havenât undergone a major revolution, but the last four years are very much out of line with the history of Western democracies altogether. By now, itâs becoming almost outlandish. In the three hundred and fifty years of parliamentary democracy, thereâs been nothing like what weâre seeing now in Washington. I donât have to tell you. You read the same newspapers I do. A President who has said if he doesnât like the outcome of an election, heâll simply not leave office, and is taken seriously enough that, for example, two high-level, highly respected, retired military officersâone of them very well known, Lieutenant Colonel John Naglâactually went to the extent of writing an open letter to General (Mark) Milley, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, reminding him of his constitutional duties to send in the American military to remove the President from office if he refuses to leave.
Thereâs a long article, which youâve probably seen, by Barton Gellman, reviewing the strategies that Republican leadership is thinking of to try and undermine the election. There has been plenty of tampering before. Weâre not unfamiliar with that. In fact, one case that comes to mind is kind of relevant at the moment: 1960. Richard Nixon had pretty good reason to believe that he had won the election. Nixon, who was not the most delightful person in the history of Presidential politics, decided to put the welfare of the country over his personal ambition. Thatâs not what weâre seeing now, and thatâs only one sign of a very significant change. The executive has been almost totally purged of any critical independent voicesânothing left but sycophants. If theyâre not sufficiently loyal to the master, fire them and get someone else. A striking example recently was the firing of the inspectors general when they started looking into the incredible swamp Trump created in Washington. This kind of thing goes on and on.
Whatever one thinks of Trump, he is a highly skilled politician, with a good sense of how to gain popular approval, even virtual worship in some circles. His job approval just passed 50 percent for the first time, according to the latest Zogby poll.
He certainly has taken control of the GOP, to quite a remarkable extent. Heâs been very successful with his two constituencies: the primary one, wealth and corporate power; and the voting base, relatively affluent fairly generally, including a large bloc of Christian evangelicals, rural whites, farmers, workers who have faith in his promises to bring back jobs, and a collection of others, some not too admirable.
Itâs clear why the primary constituency is mostly delighted. Corporate profits are booming. Wealth continues to be concentrated in very few hands. Trumpâs administration is lavishing them with gifts, including the tax bill, the main legislative achievement, across-the-board deregulation, and rapidly increasing fossil fuel production. He and McConnell â in many ways the evil genius of the administration â are packing the judiciary with reactionaries, guaranteeing the interests of the corporate sector and private wealth even after these âglory daysâ are past. They donât like his trade wars, which are causing disruption of global supply chains, but so far at least thatâs outweighed by his dedicated service to their welfare.
To keep the rest in line is sometimes easy, among them the Christian right, white supremacists, ultranationalists and xenophobes, and those in terror of âhordesâ of immigrants. It is easy to throw them occasional chunks of red meat. But sometimes maintaining their allegiance takes the kind of demagoguery at which he is expert. Thus many who are understandably aggrieved by the economic policies of the neoliberal years still seem to feel that heâs the one person standing up for them by shaking his fist at those they blame for taking away their jobs: immigrants and âthe scheming Chinese,â primarily.
Numerous press reports reveal how the scam works. Thus, in The New York Times, Patricia Cohen investigates the attitude of owners of large farms to Trumpâs trade wars, which sharply cut their exports to China and cause severe financial hardships. In general, she finds, they continue to support the president. âI get why heâs doing it,â her major informant says: âAmerica has been bulliedâ by China. And if the trade war persists through the 2020 election, âI would be OK with that.â Heâs sure that Trump will do everything possible to help. Furthermore, âIt makes me feel really good to hear Trump say farmers are important to this country. Thatâs what makes me want to stick with the president.â
Shaking a fist at the âYellow Perilâ and a little sweet talk carry the day, helped by $16 billion to compensate for export losses.
The gift is largely paid by a new hidden tax on the general public. Tariffs are in effect a tax on consumers (contrary to Trumpâs pretenses about China paying for them). The New York Fed estimates the cost to consumers at $1.6 billion annually, a tax of $831 for the average American household. Hence Trumpâs tariffs tax the general public to maintain the loyalty of a prime constituency. (...)
